Object-oriented programming

• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to design applications and computer programs.
• It can use several techniques from previously established paradigms, including inheritance, modularity, polymorphism, and encapsulation.
• Object-oriented programming roots reach all the way back to the 1960s, when the nascent field of software engineering had begun to discuss the idea of a software crisis.
• As hardware and software became increasingly complex, how could be software quality maintained? Object-oriented programming addresses this problem by strongly emphasizing modularity in software.
• The Simula programming language was the first to introduce the concepts underlying object-oriented programming (objects, classes, subclasses, virtual methods, co-routines, garbage collection, and discrete event simulation) as a superset of ALGOL.
• Smalltalk was the first programming language to be called "object-oriented".
• Object-oriented programming may be seen as a collection of cooperating objects, as opposed to a traditional view in which a program may be seen as a list of instructions to the computer.
• In OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. Each object can be viewed as an independent little machine with a distinct role or responsibility.
• By way of "objectifying" software modules, object-oriented programming is intended to promote greater flexibility and maintainability in programming, and is widely popular in large-scale software engineering. By virtue of its strong emphasis on modularity, object oriented code is intended to be simpler to develop and easier to understand later on, lending itself to more direct analysis, coding, and understanding of complex situations and procedures than less modular programming methods.
• OOP is an approach for writing programs in which data and behavior are packaged together i.e. encapsulated together as classes whose instances are objects.An object is a distinct instance of a given class that is structurally identical to all other instances of the class and a class is a named software representation for an abstraction.